| abruptly adnexed |
see adnexed |
| acanthophysis |
see hyphidium |
| aciculate |
slightly acid |
| acrid |
taste burning or peppery, in this program the description of 'acrid' is rendered as 'peppery' |
| acula (plural aculae) |
spine |
| aculeate |
of cystidia, tapered so that only the very basal portion is relatively swollen, the entire cystidium being shaped like a spine, therefore spine-shaped; of spore, means having narrow spines |
| acuminate |
gradually narrowed to a point |
| acute |
pointed, sharp; less than a right angle |
| acyanophilous |
not cyanophilous |
| adnate |
refers to gills that are broadly attached to the stem, the lower edge of the gill being attached at the line at which a straight gill edge would intersect the stem: if attached above this line it would be adnexed or notched, if attached below this line it would be decurrent; if ascending adnate gills attach at much less than a right angle, appearing to curve upward toward stem; if adnate horizontal, gills attach at about a right angle; if broadly adnate, attached to the stem along their entire height |
| adnexed |
refers to gills that are narrowly attached to the stem: the gill edge curves gradually upward along the inner half of the gill and is attached to the stem by a narrow upper portion of the gill; if abruptly adnexed, gill edge curves abruptly upwards to stem but makes contact with stem in straight line (does not curve as in sinuate attachment) |
| aeriferous |
appearing as if air is trapped |
| aeruginose |
verdigris-green, (malachite-green), the color of oxidized copper |
| agaric |
mushroom with gills |
| agaricologist |
a person who studies gilled mushrooms |
| agaricology |
the study of gilled mushrooms |
| agglutinated |
surface fibrils or scales drawn together in clumps |
| allantoid |
sausage-shaped, tubular and slightly curved with rounded ends |
| alliaceous |
smelling or tasting like onions or garlic |
| almond-shaped |
of spores, with top end broader than base (where hilar appendage located), thus like an almond in shape |
| alternate names |
other names for the same species, given in the description immediately following the primary name; these are earlier or later or illegitimate name for the species, representing all or part of the concept of the primary name: the primary name includes the alternate name, but the alternate name may not include the whole concept represented by the primary name |
| alutaceous |
light leather colored, usually interpreted as light tan or medium yellow brown |
| alveolate |
surface of cap or spore with broad pits |
| amanitoid |
like Amanita, with free or slightly adnexed gills, a volva, and a ring |
| amatoxin |
cyclic peptide found in Amanita and other genera that are very toxic |
| amorphous |
shapeless, formless |
| ampullaceous |
flask-shaped |
| ampulliform |
flask-shaped; of cystidia, with base and middle parts wide and top part like a beak but wider than in ventricose-rostrate cystidia |
| anastomosing |
forming a network, connecting by cross-veins |
| annular |
resembling a ring or referring to a ring, as in an annular zone on stem |
| annular zone |
a band of fibrils or gluten around stem, often becoming darkened by spores, normally derived from veil remnants, but too obscure to be a ring |
| annulate |
bearing an annulus |
| annulus |
ring or collar of tissue on stem formed by ruptured of the veil that initially joins the stem to the cap edge |
| anthesis |
point of development of fruiting body at which the fresh unexpanded cap is in "full flower", contains the features for identification, and is at the brink of spore release |
| apical pore |
same as germ pore, not to be confused with apiculus, which is the other end of the spore |
| apiculus |
nipple-like projection; nipple-like projection on spore which corresponds to the area that was attached to the basidium, sometimes used to refer to a projection on the other end of the spore, same as hilar appendage and not to be confused with apical pore (germ pore) |
| appendiculate |
margin of cap fringed with hanging fragments of the veil; (of cystidium) having an appendage; (of a spore) having one or more setulae |
| appressed |
flattened down |
| areolate |
surface cracked into plaques or blocks, like the cracking that occurs when mud dries in the sun |
| ascending |
refers to gills that curve upwards from the margin of the cap to the attachment at the stem, as in conic or unexpanded cap |
| Ascomycota |
Phylum that includes the largest group of fungi, those that produces their spores in sacs called asci, but does not include any gilled mushrooms |
| asperulate |
of spores, appearing roughened with tiny points; or roughened with small warts |
| attenuate |
gradually narrowed |
| azonate |
without zones, without concentric markings |
| baeocystin |
an indole alkaloid (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine), closely related to and often found with psilocybin, possibly hallucinogenic with comparable effect to psilocybin |
| bald |
no warts or hairs, or raised scales, fibers or patches, same as glabrous and as used here equivalent to naked |
| basal mycelium |
fungal cells at the base of the stem, ranging from a few fibrils to a velvet layer |
| basidiocarp |
fruiting body: the whole reproductive structure of a mushroom including cap, gills, and stem |
| basidiome |
fruiting body: the whole reproductive structure of a mushroom including cap, gills and stem |
| Basidiomycetes |
class that includes most gilled mushrooms as well as chanterelles, tooth fungi, boletes, polypores, puffballs, bird's nests, jelly fungi etc. |
| Basidomycota |
phylum that includes classes Basidiomycetes (includes most gilled mushrooms as well as chanterelles, tooth fungi, boletes, polypores, puffballs, bird's nests, jelly fungi etc.), Teliomycetes (rust fungi etc.), and Ustomycetes (smut fungi etc.) |
| basidiospore |
sexual spore, the usual spore produced on gills |
| bell-shaped |
in the shape of a bell (like the Liberty bell), with rounded top and flaring lower edges |
| bibulous |
of surface of cap, capable of absorbing moisture |
| bolete |
fleshy mushroom with pores (at the ends of tubes) on underside of cap |
| broad |
when used of gills, refers to the height (depth) of the gill, which may be narrow, moderately broad or broad |
| broadly adnate |
see adnate |
| broadly convex |
of cap, convex but mostly flattened apart from downcurved margin, same as plano-convex |
| brown rot |
carbonizing decay (cellulose-composing decay) |
| bulbose |
having a bulb or bulging area; of stem, with an enlarged base |
| button |
young fruiting body before it has opened up |
| byssoid |
of mycelium, the condition when fine filaments spread from the base of the stem or fruiting body over substratum |
| caespitose |
growing in close groups or close clusters or tufts (may be from a common base, but stems not joined together), see clustered, connate |
| calyptrate |
with a hood; of spores, the outer layer separating to form a partial envelope or bag around spores, often with blisters or loose areas, as in some Galerina |
| cap |
caplike part of fruiting body which supports the gills |
| carinate |
of spores, furnished with a keel, boat shaped |
| cartilaginous |
of stems: firm, tough and pliant (flexible), typically under 5mm in diameter at top of stem; having the consistency or appearance of cartilage; sometimes used even of fragile stems and implying brittle, not pliant |
| cellulose |
a component of wood and plant cell walls made of glucose units |
| cirrate |
rolled round (curled) or becoming so |
| class |
classification group above order but below phylum: suffix for the fungi is -mycetes |
| close |
of gill spacing, nearly touching but with visible space between, intermediate between crowded and distant, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant |
| club-shaped |
like a caveman's club; when used of stems, implies base is thicker and stem tapers upward; when used of cystidia, implies part that extends outward beyond the hymenium is thicker, same as clavate |
| clustered |
growing together, either very close or from a common base |
| concentric |
having rings or circular zones |
| conic |
shaped like a cone |
| conic-campanulate |
of cap, bell-shaped with conic umbo |
| conifer |
cone-bearing tree |
| convergent |
of gill hyphae, projecting inward and downward away from cap as seen in cross-section |
| convex |
regularly rounded, domed, like an inverted bowl |
| convex-depressed |
of cap, convex with depressed center |
| coprophilous |
growing on dung |
| crowded |
of gill spacing, very close, touching or with almost no space between, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant |
| cucullate |
like a top hat; like a cowl or hood |
| cuneate |
wedge-shaped |
| cupulate |
cup-shaped |
| cuspidate |
sharp, pointed |
| daedaloid |
with elongated and sinuous (curving) openings |
| deciduous |
referring to trees that seasonally shed their leaves; or referring to anything that falls off, such as granules that tend to fall off the cap |
| decorticated |
of dead wood without the bark |
| decumbent |
(of stem) with the lower end lying against the substratum |
| decurrent |
refers to gills that run down the stem: i.e. attachment at stem is wider than average height of gill |
| decurved |
referring to a cap margin or scales means curved downward |
| delignifying decay |
a lignin and cellulose decomposing rot, leaving the wood light colored and fibrous |
| deliquesce |
melt into liquid, usually referring to the gills and cap of Coprinus or of some species of Bolbitiaceae |
| depressed |
of cap, having the middle lower than the edge; of gills, sinuate; depressed adnate refers to an adnate gill with a portion of the gill lower than its outer edge |
| derm |
surface layer of cap cells if they are differentiated from the underlying tissue and arranged more or less perpendicular to cap surface: if the elements are a single row or roundish cells, this is a cellular derm; if cells are elongated and all reach the same level, this is a palisoderm; if cells are elongated and of different lengths, it is a trichoderm; the prefix ixo- can be added to indicate that elements are gelatinized |
| disc |
center of the cap |
| discoid |
dish-shaped |
| distant |
of gill spacing, meaning the gills are spaced far apart, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant |
| dry |
surface not sticky or slimy or hygrophanous, feeling as if there is no moisture on surface |
| eccentric |
off center; of stem attachment, attached away from center of cap but not at its edge |
| ectomycorrhiza |
system in which mycelium branches through soil and forms a covering around individual rootlets, growing between the outer rootlet cells, exchanging phosphorus for compounds that the plant produces by photosynthesis, formed in trees of the family Pinaceae and Fagaceae; Genera which are predominantly ectomycorrhizal include Amanita, Cortinarius, Gomphidius, Hebeloma, Hygrophorus, Inocybe, Laccaria, Lactarius, Leucocortinarius, Naucoria, Paxillus, Rozites, Russula, Tricholoma |
| ellipsoid |
like an oblong sphere, often referring to the three dimensional shape of a spore |
| elliptic |
like an oblong circle, often referring to the outline (as opposed to the three dimensional shape) of a spore, according to one set of criteria, ratio of length to width is 1.15-1.60 |
| elongate |
of spores, same as oblong, at least according to one definition, but may refer to cylindric as well |
| emarginate |
of gills, with a notch near stem, Largent & Baroni equate it with abruptly adnexed, but Ainsworth's Dictionary of the Fungi appears to equate it to sinuate (notched at the proximal end at junction with stem), and Hansen illustrates it as a deeper notch of the sinuate type; also used to describe a particular kind of bulb on stem |
| endomycorrhiza |
system in which mycelium branches through soil and grows between and within root cells, exchanging phosphorus and other nutrients for compounds that the plant produces by photosynthesis, formed in 90% of seed plants and conifers, except conifers of the family Pinaceae; Some Armillaria species form endomycorrhiza with orchids |
| endosporium |
the innermost layer of the spore wall |
| equal |
of a stem, the same diameter throughout its length, cylindric; of gill, broad (high) to same extent throughout length or alike in length |
| eroded |
of the margins of cap or gills, developing irregular jagged edges as a result of deterioration, irregularly |
| even |
of cap margin, means not wavy or lobed: the bottom line of the margin as seen from the side is a single flat plane revolving around the stem; of gill edges, means not toothed, eroded, fringed etc; of surface of cap, stem or spores means without striations, elevations or depressions |
| expanded |
cap fully developed; cap spread out |
| fairy ring |
a circle or arc of mushrooms |
| family |
a classification group above genus and species, but below class and order, suffix is -aceae |
| fibrillose |
composed of delicate fibers which are long and evenly arranged on the surface |
| finely adnexed |
of gills, so narrowly attached that they give the appearance of being free |
| flat |
of cap, the margin being on the same level as the center, same as plane and applanate |
| flesh |
the tissue of cap or stem, not including the surface |
| floccose |
with easily removed cottony or woolly tufts; woolly or cottony; dry and loosely arranged; having the appearance of cotton flannel |
| foray |
a field trip |
| forked |
of gills, dividing into two or more branches as they goes away from stem |
| forking |
of gills, dividing into two or more branches as they goes away from stem |
| free |
refers to gills that are not attached to stem |
| friable |
crumbling easily |
| fruiting body |
the whole reproductive structure of a mushroom including cap, gills and stem |
| fungus (plural fungi) |
an organism that lacks chlorophyll, consists of filamentous tubular branching cells with nuclei, and reproduces by spores |
| funnel-shaped |
with a very deep depression, like that of a funnel |
| fusoid |
somewhat spindle-shaped |
| gasteromycete |
a basidiomycete that does not actively discharge its spores, formally constituting a class of basidiomycetes |
| genus (plural genera |
classification grouping below family but above genus: first letter is given in upper case |
| gill |
gill, the spore-bearing platelike structure extending underneath and from the center of the cap like a spoke of a wheel |
| greasy |
slippery or oily but not viscid (sticky) or slimy, same as lubricous |
| gregarious |
growing in close groups but not tufted or clustered |
| group |
a cluster of taxonomically related similar species typified by a particular species, as in Conocybe tenera group, sometimes used of a group of similar-looking species |
| guttulate |
of spores, containing an oil droplet |
| habit |
the general external and characteristic appearance of mushrooms, and manner in which they are found growing |
| habitat |
the natural place of growth |
| hairy |
covered by an arrangement of fibrils or mycelial strands resembling hairs |
| hallucinogen |
capable of producing disturbances in (usually visual) perception |
| hardwood |
any tree that is not a conifer |
| heterodiametric |
of spore sizes, the average length divided by the average width has a value greater than 1.28: with subisodiametric spores this value is 1.16-1.27, and with isodiametric spores it is 1.0-1.15 |
| hollow |
of stem, having the flesh empty of fibrils, same as fistulose or tubular |
| homogeneous |
the same throughout |
| host |
plant or animal on or in which a parasitic fungus exists |
| humicolous |
living in humus |
| humus |
decaying organic material in or on soil |
| hymenium |
fertile area of fruiting body where spores are produced (in gilled mushrooms the surface of the gills), or the surface cell layer that produces the spores |
| hymenophore |
spore-bearing surface |
| hyphidium |
a little, or strongly, modified terminal hypha in the hymenium (spore-bearing surface), distinguished as follows by Donk: haplo- (simple - ) unmodified, unbranched or little branched; dendro- (dendrophysis) irregularly or strongly branched; dicho- (dichophysis) repeatedly dichotomously branched; acantho- (acanthophysis) having pin-like outgrowths near apex; synonymous or near synonymous are paraphysis, pseudoparaphysis, paraphysoid, dikaryoparaphysis and pseudophysis |
| incurved |
of cap margin, curved inwards toward stem, but less than inrolled |
| inequilateral |
of spores, means that a line drawn through the length of spore does not divide equal mirror images |
| inflexed |
bent inward, incurved |
| inrolled |
of cap margin, rolled inwards so that the edge of the margin is actually points toward gills |
| kingdom |
one of five groups of living organisms: Monera (including bacteria and blue-green algae), Protoctista (including protozoans, most algae and three phyla of fungi), Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), and Eumycota (the rest of the fungi) |
| laciniate |
of margin or cap or annulus, cut more coarsely than fringed, slashed |
| lateral |
of a stem, attached to the side of the cap |
| lichen |
a dual organism in which a fungus (usually an ascomycete but occasionally a basidiomycete) maintains a green alga or cyanobacterium captive for mutual benefit |
| lignicolous |
living in, on, or out of wood |
| lubricous |
greasy or slippery or oily but not viscid (sticky) or slimy |
| macroscopic |
visible to the naked eye, without a microscope |
| margin |
the edge of the cap or gills |
| marginate |
having a distinct margin: when discussing gills the edge has a different color, often used to mean a darker or brighter color; when discussing the bulb on a stem indicates a flange (circular ridge) at the top of the bulb |
| micron |
one thousandth of a millimeter, or one millionth of a meter |
| microscopic |
discernible only with a microscope |
| moderately broad |
of gills, with height intermediate between narrow and broad |
| mucilaginous |
slimy |
| mushroom |
the fruiting body of a fungus, especially one that has gills (agaric) or a stem and pores ending in tubes (bolete) |
| mycelium (plural mycelia) |
network of fungal cells that may or may not amass together and form a mushroom |
| mycenoid |
resembling a mushroom of the genus Mycena: tall, slender mushrooms with long cartilaginous stems (no ring or volva), and comparatively small conic to bellshaped caps with attached but not decurrent gills |
| mycology |
the science or the study of fungi |
| mycophagist |
one who eats fungi |
| mycorrhiza |
a particular symbiotic relationship with the roots of a seed plant, see ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza; the rootlets of trees that are covered or permeated by the mycelium of fungi |
| narrow |
of gills, the opposite of broad, refers to the height of the gill, which may be narrow, moderately broad or broad |
| naucorioid |
applied to any mushroom with a fleshy type, attached gills which are not sinuate or decurrent, and lacking a ring or a volva |
| nodule |
small bump, lump, or knot |
| notched |
refers to gills that are uncinate or sinuate or emarginate, as if a wedge of gill had been removed near the stem: if the line of the bottom edge of the gill curves down sharply, gills are uncinate, if it curves gradually toward the stem reaching it more or less horizontally, gills are sinuate (emarginate) |
| obclavate |
club-shaped in the opposite direction to that expected; of cystidia, with base swollen and narrowing at middle and top |
| obconic |
like an ice-cream cone with point down |
| obligate |
invariably found in a particular situation, usually in reference to organisms that must live in a particular association with another |
| oblong |
of spores, elongated with approximately parallel sides; according to one set of criteria, ratio of length to width is 1.6-2: shorter would be elliptic and longer cylindric; however, spores in this range are often referred to as narrowly elliptic |
| obovate |
ovate with the larger end in the opposite direction to the usual |
| obovoid |
ovoid with the larger end in the opposite direction to the usual |
| obsolete |
(of annulus, scales etc.) very imperfectly developed, hardly perceptible; of terms, no longer in use |
| obtuse |
blunt, not pointed; greater than a right angle |
| obtusely conic |
rounded or blunt cone-shaped |
| obtusely umbonate |
broadly umbonate, not with sharp umbo |
| ochreate |
of volva, sheathing the stem at base like a stocking |
| order |
a classification grouping below class but above family, genus and species: suffix is -ales |
| organism |
individual living bacterium, protozoan, animal, plant, fungus etc. |
| oval |
like the outline of an egg |
| ovate |
similar to oval but some regard as more pointed at the narrower end |
| ovoid |
shaped like an egg, same as oval, but sometimes implying 3-dimensional shape |
| parabolic |
of cap, with the height greater than the width, the top rounded |
| parasitic |
feeding on another living organisms; living at the expense of other organisms to their detriment |
| partial veil |
inner veil of tissue which joins the stem to the cap edge at first in some species of mushrooms, and often breaks to leave a ring on stem and remnants hanging from the cap margin; partial veils are usually either membranous or cortinate |
| pellicle |
an upper surface layer on cap surface that can undergo gelatinization, making the cap viscid (sticky) to the touch; often it can be peeled away from the cap, may be thought of as covering cuticle; same as cuticle or as thinner and more definite |
| phylum (plural phyla) |
classification grouping below kingdom but above class |
| pileus |
cap of a mushroom |
| pitted |
with small depressions |
| pleurotoid |
resembling in general form the genus Pleurotus, may be applied to any gilled mushroom either without a stem or with a stem attached in a lateral or off-center manner |
| pliable |
capable of bending, easily flexible |
| pluteotoid |
resembling in general form the genus Pluteus, with free or finely adnexed gills, lacking a ring or volva |
| pocket rot |
a rot producing hollow pockets in a tree |
| polypores |
the shelf or bracket fungi which produce spores on the inside of vertically oriented tubes (ending in pores) that do not separate easily from cap and are often tough, generally in Order Poriales |
| pore |
a circular depression in place of the gill of many non-gilled species; a circular depression on the spores of many species: see germ pore |
| psilocin |
4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a hallucinogenic substance found in some species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, and Pluteus, giving a bluing reaction in the tissue of a mushroom as it breaks down |
| psilocybin |
O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a hallucinogenic substance found in some species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, and Pluteus |
| radicating |
forming a root |
| reviving |
said of fruiting body which shrivels in dry weather or when dried and takes on its natural shape when wet |
| revolute |
(of cap margin), rolled back or up |
| rhizomorph |
cordlike strand of twisted hyphae present around base of stem, often dark colored |
| ridged |
of spores, with narrow raised straight or curved strips on the surface of the spore |
| ring |
annulus, collar of tissue on stem formed by ruptured of the veil that initially joins the stem to the cap edge |
| saccate |
of a volva, shaped like a sac, cup or sheath |
| saprophytic |
living on decaying organic matter |
| scale |
piece of tissue on surface that is not especially elongated, differentiated from surface by color or by projecting from it |
| sclerotium |
a knot or firm frequently rounded mass of hyphae, usually underground, sometimes giving rise to mycelium or a fruiting body |
| separable |
said of stem or gill easily removed from cap |
| sequestrate |
describes fruiting bodies that have evolved from those that forcibly discharge spores to a closed or even underground form in which spores are retained until it decays or is eaten by an animal, the word referring to spores which have been sequestered (hidden). Lactarius is thought to give rise to Arcangeliella (mostly above ground, but gills not exposed or vertically oriented and do not discharge spores forcibly) and Zelleromyces (underground, no true stem). Russula is thought to give rise to Macowanites (mostly above ground), Gymnomyces (underground, no stem), Elasmomyces (no sphaerocysts in hymenial tissue), and Martiella (no sphaerocysts in hymenial tissue, underground without stem). Cortinarius is thought to give rise to Thaxterogaster (above ground) and Hymenogaster (underground, no stem). Agaricus is thought to give rise to Endoptychum and Longula. Chroogomphus is thought to give rise to Brauniellula (often buried or half buried). Pholiota is thought to be related to Nivatogastrium (grows on wood). Other postulated sequestrates are given in brackets: Amanita (Torrendia), Bolbitiaceae (Gastrocybe), Boletus (Gastroboletus), Coprinus (Podaxis), Entoloma (Richonia), Gomphidius (Gomphogaster), Lepiotaceae (Notholepiota), Paxillaceae (Austrogaster, Gymnopaxillus), Strobilomycetaceae (Gautieria), Suillus (Rhizopogon, Alpova, Truncocolumella, Gastrosuillus). |
| shaggy |
rough as with long hair or wool |
| sinuate |
of gill attachment, refers to gills with a lower edge that curves up close to the stem then curves back to reach the stem more or less horizontally; of cap margin means wavy or undulating |
| slimy |
having a thick layer of slime, more than viscid or glutinous |
| skirtlike |
of a ring (annulus), hanging down like a skirt |
| smooth |
of a surface, without projections, often equivalent to bald or glabrous; but may be described as bumpy and bald, or finely powdery and smooth; of cap margin may mean not wavy or lobed, or may mean not grooved; of spores, not spiny rough, or ridged |
| solid |
not hollow; feeling hard |
| solitary |
not growing in the immediate neighborhood of other individuals |
| sphagnum |
a genus of moss that grows in bogs |
| spathulate |
shaped like a spatula or spoon, oblong with a narrowing base |
| species |
classification grouping below family and genus, often used for organisms capable of interbreeding (though less common "hybrids" can occur between species), among anamorphic fungi that are not known to breed sexually, it refers to a certain level of similarity in form or function; named by genus name in upper case and species name in lower case, e.g. Russula emetica |
| spore |
reproductive cell or "seed" of a fungus, produced on specialized cells, which in gilled mushrooms are on the gills |
| spore print |
a visible deposit of spores obtained by allowing a gilled mushroom to drop spores onto white paper for a few hours or overnight |
| spore wall |
in the most complex spore wall there are five layers from outer to inner: perisporium, non-pigmented and usually enveloping spore like a bag which may disappear; exosporium, usually non-pigmented and can often be distinguished chemically from other layers, episporium, a continuation of outer wall of basidium, the thickest layer and the one providing structural support, mesosporium, a barely distinguishable delicate structure, and endosporium, which can vary from very thick (in which case it can then be divided into inner and outer part) or seemingly absent, or truly absent; the presence or absence of layers varies with species |
| sporocarp |
a structure in which or on which spores are produced, often used for fruiting body, consisting of cap, gills, and stem |
| stalk |
same as stipe or stem |
| stem |
the column supporting the cap in most mushroom, more correctly called the stipe |
| sterile |
not producing spores |
| stipe |
the correct name for the "stem" of a mushroom |
| subclose |
a term used occasionally of gill spacing, intermediate between close and crowded, might also be used to mean more or less close |
| subcrowded |
a term used occasionally of gill spacing, intermediate between close and crowded, might also be used to mean more or less crowded |
| subdistant |
of gill spacing, intermediate between close and distant, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant |
| subfusiform |
of spores, elongated, tapered at one end and rounded at the other |
| subgills |
the short gills that do not span the entire distance from margin to stem |
| subisodiametric |
of spore sizes, the average length divided by the average width has a value from 1.16-1.27: with isodiametric spores this value is 1.0-1.15, and with heterodiametric spores it is greater than 1.27 |
| substrate |
the material that a fungus is growing on |
| taxon (plural taxa) |
a named form, variety, species etc. |
| terrestrial |
appearing to grow from the ground, or on the ground, as opposed to growing on wood |
| toadstool |
a mushroom, especially a poisonous one |
| toothed |
serrate on the edges; toothlike on the edges; of gills, with toothlike edges or decurrent by a short tooth |
| translucent |
transmitting light diffusely, semitransparent |
| tubular |
of stem, having the flesh empty of fibrils, same as fistulose or hollow; of hymenophore, composed of tubes, the opening of which is called a pore |
| turbinate |
top-shaped; of cystidia, swollen at top, tapered from middle downward, becoming abrupt at base |
| umbilicate |
refers to a cap with a narrow, moderate to deep depression in center which may or may not have a small umbo in the bottom |
| umbo |
a raised knob or mound at the center of the cap |
| umbo |
a raised knob or mound at the center of the cap |
| umbonate |
having a raised knob or mound at the center of the cap |
| uncinate |
refers to gills with a lower edge that curves up as it comes close to the stem, then abruptly curved down to leave a "tooth" on stem, not proceeding further down stem than the imaginary line running straight along the lower gill edge to the stem, but sometimes used as equivalent to "decurrent with tooth" |
| undulate |
wavy |
| universal veil |
the enveloping veil initially covering the whole mushroom including the top of the cap: when it breaks, it may leave fragments on the cap or the stem, or a volva at the base of the stem |
| uplifted |
the margin of the cap turning upward |
| urceolate |
having the shape of a pitcher, with a large body and small mouth |
| urticoid |
with a swollen base and a long gradually narrowed apex |
| utriform |
of cystidia, with a slight constriction below a large round head, like a bladder, therefore bladder-shaped |
| vaginatoid |
applied to any mushroom with free or finely adnexed gills, a volva, and lacking an annulus |
| variety |
(abbreviated var.) a consistent appearing variation of a species, with more variation than a form, sufficiently hereditary as to characterize homogeneous populations |
| veil |
referring either to the partial veil which joins the stem to the cap edge at first, and often breaks to leave a ring on stem and remnants hanging from the cap margin, or the universal veil which initially covers the whole fruiting body including the top of the cap, always breaking and sometimes leaving fragments on the cap or the stem, or a volva at the base of the stem |
| viscid |
sticky but not slimy or lubricous: the mushroom usually feels somewhat slimy or slippery when wet but when dry may need to be wetted slightly to feel sticky; sometimes used to include slimy |
| volva |
the remains o f the universal veil found at the base of the stem, usually in the form of a sac, collar or concentric rings |
| waxy |
appearing as if coated with wax |
| well-spaced |
referring to gills, corresponds to distant |
| white rot |
a rot that removes both lignin and cellulose |
| zonate |
with circular bands of differing colors or ornamentation |
